第八章 vp： 被动语态passive voice
人们普遍认为英语主动态和被动态是深层结构相同的转换关系。于是，以下两例都接受图(15)的描写：
the butler murdered the detective.
the detective was murdered by the butler. snpvp
det head v np
det head
diagram (23)
既然是转换关系，按全局思路本章应出现在动态描写的句法部分。由于这一语言实体一直作为动词语法范畴而为人们熟悉，我们还是沿袭传统的做法。
图(16)指示被动语态的结构知识：
s np vp
aux) v
voice
activepassive
formoccasion
be-type get-type
end-focus end weight
syntacticby phrase
semantic
stylistic
diagram (24)
被动态的实现形态。
英语被动态可理解为两型：be型和get型：
tom was beaten.
tom got beaten.
两型的句法、语义、文体均有各自特征。
句法。综述中已经指出，get 是半助动词，因此句法上get型与be型差别明显，从疑问和否定可以看出get的助动功能不齐备：
he was punished.
he got punished.
was he punished?
he was not punished.
did he get punished?
he didn’t get punished.
got he punished?
he got not punished
get型的被动态中不出现by短语。比较：
the holiday was spoiled by the storm.
the holiday got spoiled by the storm.
语义。两型的语义不相同。get型倾向强调结果而常有这样的语义状语相随；be型无此倾向：
finally he got elected.
tom got beaten at last.
i got completely confused in the end.
this story eventually got translated into english.
没有上述状语的情况下“结果”语义也是明显的：
mary and john got married yesterday.
they all got lost in the forest.
did you get hurt in the leg?
文体。be型对文体不敏感，中性；get型除语义要求外在正式场合不多见，以下各例更容易发生在口语中：
the house is getting rebuilt.
such criticisms will get treated with the contempt they deserve.
i wouldn’t take the slightest risk of getting trapped inside.
时态、体、其它助动词产生be型被动态的丰富形态变化如下：
this type of computer is made in taiwan.
he was taught a lesson on the subjunctive.
we h**e been told about the matter.
they had been warned three times before the accident.
the bridge is being built.
the boy was being beaten when we got there.
two girls h**e been being questioned.
the machine had been being repaired all the time.
the expected result will eventually be arrived at.
he is going to be taught a lesson.
this matter will be being dealt with this time tomorrow morning.
he must h**e been being tortured by the news
被动态的语境。
8.2.1a
正常情形下，句子的末位是最重要的语言信息位置所在，对此人们已有共识，语言学的概念为“末位焦点”。试观察以下两组例句：
tom g**e mary a ring.
tom g**e a ring to mary.
john is familiar with french.
french is familiar to john.
表面上看，这儿发生了简单的句式转换但其实不然。不难想象它们回应的最自然提问分别是：
what did tom give mary?
who did tom give a ring to?
what language is john familiar with?
who is familiar with french?
因为对这些提问的最简单和准确回答分别是句中的末位黑体信息单位：
a ring.
mary.french.
john.8.2.1b
被动语态也是句式转换，转换的目的也是信息单位的调节，试比较：
chairman mao wrote on practice.
on practice was written by chairman mao.
两句句末的黑体部分应是新信息即“末位焦点”所在。传统语法告诉人们：被动态中的by-短语即主动态句的主语，在被动句中，by-短语可有或无。事实不是这样：
on practice was written by chairman mao.
on practice was written.
the computer is made by a taiwan company.
the computer is made.
以下却又是信息意义明确的句例：
on practice was written in 1942.
on practice was written in yanan.
the computer is made in taiwan.
the computer is made by a chinese company.
8.2.1c
因此有理由以为：被动语态是积极的对句子结构重组以实现信息调节的语言行为，而“末位焦点”则深刻把握了这一语言行为的目的和意义：
why did you h**e to take a detour?
the road was being repaired.
what’s your idea about the environment?
the environment should be improved.
how is the case?
the case has recently been tried.
what do you think we’ll do to such people?
such people are to be punished.
消除赘言的目的也能随之实现：
people speak english everywhere.
english is spoken everywhere.
in your talk you needn’t mentioned it.
in your talk it needn’t be mentioned.
如果说“末位焦点”是从信息意义上把握语态转换，“末端重量”则是美学考虑。“末端重量”指的是避免前重后轻、虎头蛇尾的最基本美学原则，美术作品、**作品莫不如此，语言亦不例外。
英语许多句式的转换都在实践这一原则：
to realize that they are ready to answer the two questions is not difficult.
it is not difficult to realize that they are ready to answer the two questions.
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